TPS Scaling Projection
690,000 peak TPS measured
16,384 nanochains · 8 validators · 4 load generators · NarwhalTusk BFT · Feb 24 2026
Proving Backend
—
Signature Verification
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Pipeline Stage Ceilings (bottleneck highlighted)
Scaling Table — Measured + Projected
| Nanochains |
Validators |
Proving |
Sig Verify |
System TPS |
Bottleneck |
Source |
Measured
Current Config
Projected
Model (from hyperpaper §3-4, JOLT_TPS_ANALYSIS.md, tps-estimate-2.md)
system_TPS = min(ingress, batching, execution, proving)
ingress = sig_verify_rate_per_validator × validators
batching = 500K/validator × validators — NarwhalTusk DAG certificates
execution = nanochains × txs_per_block / block_time — parallel stateless lanes
proving = per_shard_TPS × nanochains — recursive composition ceiling
aggregation = log₂(nanochains) × ms_per_level — binary tree proof merge
finality = 4 × 40ms + aggregation_time
Per-shard TPS: SnarkPack 964, SP1/CPU 1.3K, SP1/GPU 1.8K, Jolt 5.9K, Jolt-Opt 11.8K
Sig verify/validator: ECDSA seq 50K, ECDSA batch 200K, AVX512 400K, Ed25519 1M, BLS 2M